Acute Diarrhea · ED Antibiotics

IDSA 2017 · ACG 2016 · CDC Yellow Book · AAFP 2022
All pts Assess hydration and rehydrate everyone — oral (ORS) first, IV if not tolerating PO. Grade severity; all dysentery counts as severe. The tree below decides antibiotics only.
Patient context
Full summary table
ScenarioAntibiotics?AgentKey caveat
Watery, no travel, no red flagsNoSupportive care only
Watery, domestic US travelNo (usually)Treat if septic or immunocompromised
Moderate–severe traveler's diarrhea, internationalYesAzithromycin or fluoroquinoloneAzithromycin preferred for South/SE Asia
Bloody + high fever + dysenteryYesAzithromycin or fluoroquinolonePresume Shigella; send stool studies
Bloody + low / no feverNo — suspect STECAntibiotics may cause HUS
Bloody + international travel + fever ≥38.5°C or sepsisYesAzithromycin or fluoroquinolone3-day course recommended
Immunocompromised + severe diarrheaYesAzithromycin or fluoroquinoloneBroader workup warranted
Recent antibiotics / hospitalizationTest C. diff firstVancomycin / fidaxomicin if CDIEmpiric antibiotics worsen CDI
References
  1. 1IDSA 2017 — Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diarrhea. Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65(12):e45–e80.
  2. 2AAFP — Acute Diarrhea in Adults. Meisenheimer ES, Epstein C, Thiel D. Am Fam Physician. 2022.
  3. 3CDC Yellow Book 2025 — Travelers' Diarrhea. Connor BA, Leung DT.
  4. 4ACG 2016 — Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Acute Diarrheal Infections in Adults. Riddle MS, DuPont HL, Connor BA. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016.
  5. 5AAFP — The Pretravel Consultation. Rupert J, Groh T, Allen R. Am Fam Physician. 2025.
  6. 6JAMA Netw Open 2025 — GeoSentinel Analysis of Travelers' Diarrhea Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns. Amatya B, Pandey P, McGuinness SL, et al.